Terminology

Longevity and health research uses a lot of terms that are easy to forget. Here's a plain-language reference.

Anti-inflammatory

Something that reduces inflammation in the body. Chronic inflammation is linked to a wide range of diseases including cancer, heart disease, and cognitive decline.

Antioxidant

A molecule that neutralizes free radicals (unstable molecules that damage cells). Found in many plants and associated with reduced disease risk.

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death — a form of controlled cellular "suicide" that eliminates damaged or unneeded cells. Disrupted apoptosis is a hallmark of cancer.

Autophagy

The process by which cells clean out damaged components and recycle them. Often described as "cellular housekeeping." Fasting is one of the key triggers.

Butyrate

A short-chain fatty acid produced by gut bacteria when they ferment prebiotic fibers from plant foods. Supports gut health, reduces inflammation, and may have cancer-protective effects.

Cortisol

The primary stress hormone. In short bursts it's useful, but chronically elevated cortisol damages the body over time — disrupting sleep, suppressing immunity, and increasing inflammation.

Flavonoids

A class of polyphenols found in many plants (berries, tea, dark chocolate, etc.) with anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.

Isoflavones

Bioactive polyphenols found in soy with cancer-preventive properties. Often confused with hormones — the evidence suggests they are beneficial rather than harmful at dietary levels.

Polyphenols

Compounds found in plant-based foods packed with antioxidants. Associated with reduced risk of chronic disease and improved gut health.